例句 1。 Perhaps the reason of the extinction of dinosaurs was that they could not tolerate the extreme temperature changes。 或许恐龙灭绝的原因是它们无法忍受气候的急剧变化。
2。 The plex climax munities like temperate forest will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests。 像温带森林这样复杂的顶级群落可以忍受从气候到虫害等强度较大的损害。
3。 The so…called serpentine soils are deficient in calcium； and only plants able to tolerate the insufficiency of this mineral can survive here。 所谓的蛇纹岩土缺乏钙质，只有能够忍受这种物质匮乏的植物才能在此生存。
同义 endure； withstand（v。 忍受；容许）
trail［treil］n。 痕迹；小路 v。 跟踪；拉；蔓延
例句 The patterns of these ceramics were outlined in a raised trail of slip； as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value。 这些陶器上的图案是在有浮雕痕迹的纸片上勾勒出来的，就像许多用于丧葬的陶器是模仿其他用更好材质制成的容器制作的。
turnpike［'t？：rnpaik］n。 收费公路；收税关卡
例句 1。 The first step to improve western transportation was to set up turnpikes。 改善西方交通系统的第一步就是设立收税关卡。
2。 These turnpike roads were very slow and too costly for some people to travel on them。 这些收费公路不仅行驶缓慢，而且对一些人来说花费太高。
unanticipated［？？n？n'tisipeitid］a。 意料之外的
例句 With the rapid technical development of photography； the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment and new emulsions that coated photographic plates； film； and paper； images can be made at unanticipated speed。 随着摄影技术的迅速发展，以及更轻薄、更简单的设备的引进，还有新的可以涂在摄影底片、胶卷和相纸上的感光乳剂，图片可以以意想不到的速度制作出来。
urban［'？：rb？n］a。 城市的，市内的
例句 1。 Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East as caravans negotiated in the surrounding desert； and it was only restricted by mountain ranges and the access to water。 贸易是中东城市经济体的主要部分，大篷车在周围的沙漠地区进行谈判，而唯一的障碍不过是山峰及通往水路的道路。
2。 In recent years； the urban population decreased rapidly。 在最近几年，城市人口迅速减少。
utilize［'ju：t？laiz］v。 利用
例句 1。 The introduction of new screen was delayed for a quarter century； and color also did not bee a norm until the 1950s； though utilized over the next two decades for special productions。 新型屏幕的引进被推迟了25年，而色彩虽然在接下来的20年中被用于特殊的产品，但直到20世纪50年代才成为一种标准。
2。 Scientists are planning to utilize a green and environmentally…friendly alternative to diesel； for example biofuel。 科学家希望利用一种绿色环保的能源以替代柴油，比如生物燃料。
要点 短语make use of与utilize的含义相同，都表示“利用”。
valuable［'v？lju？bl］a。 贵重的；有价值的 n。［常 pl。］贵重物品
例句 1。 The acacia trees are a valuable source that provides nutrition for the ants。 金合欢树是一种有价值的资源，可以为蚂蚁提供营养。
2。 The vegetation is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration。 这种植物可以遏制侵蚀和沼泽地恶化，因此很有价值。
3。 The rare and valuable metals and stones found in the Middle Eastern deserts have always been in high demand in surrounding areas。 附近地区对中东沙漠中发现的稀少而贵重的金属和石头有着很高的需求。
visible［'viz？bl］a。 看得见的；明显的
例句 1。 When an animal is signaling； the colors would not be very visible if it was sitting in a place with a yellowish or greenish background。 当动物发出信号时，如果它所在的地方有着黄色或绿色的背景，那么它的颜色将无法被明显地看见。
2。 Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then； there is no innovation that can be regarded as a similar kind of turning point。 尽管高度可视化技术在戏剧和家用动态影像呈现方面的发展已超过数十年之久，依然没有一项类似的创新可以被看做是与之匹敌的转折点。
3。 Although the real Sun was visible； the birds also kept a constant direction when they moved across the sky。 即使可以看到真正的太阳，但当鸟儿飞翔时，仍然会保持一个方向。
同义 observable； noticeable（a。 明显的）
warn［w？：rn］v。 警告，告诫；通知
例句 A number of writers have warned that the assumption of such a sequence — a development from the simple and the geometric to the plex and naturalistic — obscures the cultural continuities in aboriginal Australia。 很多作家告诫，这样的假设——从简单和呈几何特征的，到复杂和自然的——模糊了澳大利亚土著文化的连续性。
wheat［wi：t］n。 小麦；朴实的人
例句 This region has a semiarid climate； and for 50 years； it only supported a low…intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming。 这个地区是半干旱气候，50年来仅支持小规模的农业经济——放牧业和小麦种植。
工作学习篇
absence［'？bs？ns］n。 缺席；缺乏
例句 Sometimes； the presence or absence of interest when learning a new thing is affected by the teacher's method of teaching。 有时，是否有兴趣学习一项新事物会受到老师教学方法的影响。
同义 lack（n。 缺乏）
要点 absence通常表示“缺席”，但是在托福阅读中，经常会考到“缺少，缺乏”这一含义，比如absence of evidence“缺少证据”。
absent［'？bs？nt］a。 不在场的；不存在的；心不在焉的
例句 1。 The rainfall is not totally absent in desert areas； it is just very unstable。沙漠地区并不是完全没有降水，只是不稳定而已。
2。 Even though environmental cues are absent； animals still have internal clocks that influence their activities。 即使没有来自环境的信号，动物自身的生物钟仍可以影响它们的活动。
3。 There is an automatic and adaptive increase in breathing effort when we feel difficulty in breathing but this reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep。 当我们感到呼吸困难时，呼吸作用就会自动地相应增强，而在非快速眼动睡眠期间，这种反应调整是完全不存在的。
absorb［？b'z？：rb］v。 吸收；吸引…的注意；把…并入
搭配 be absorbed in 全神贯注于
例句 1。 For normal growth and development； plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities。 植物为了正常的生长，需要从土壤中吸收充分的矿物养分。
2。 These minerals are mainly from the soil which are absorbed by the plant with the water。 这些矿物质主要来源于土壤，它们连同水分一起被植物吸收。
3。 Even in some areas that retain a soil cover； the reduction of vegetation results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water。 在一些地区，即使土地表层仍有土壤覆盖，植被的减少也会导致土壤丧失吸收大量水分的能力。
同义 engage（v。 吸引）
要点 短语take in与absorb具有相同的含义，在文章中可能会被用于替换表达。
acceptable［？k'sept？bl］a。 可接受的
例句 A social group would use the way of shunning to enforce practice of the kinds of behavior which is acceptable to the group。 一个社会团体会用回避的方式来将这种被团体接受的行为付诸实践。
aggregate［'？grig？t］n。 总计；聚集体［'？grigeit］v。 聚集；总计
例句 1。 Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns； we can know why people move into other places。 了解到生活在聚集的城镇中的所有弊端，我们就能知道人们为何要移居别处了。
2。 Marine mammals have the misfortune to be the aggregates of modities that humans want for their fur； oil； and meat。 由于它们的皮毛、油脂和肉，海洋哺乳动物不幸成为人类所需的商品集合体。
argument［'ɑ：rgjum？nt］n。 争论；论据，论证
例句 1。 Some scholars claim that the intensification of farmers' arduous efforts led to further population groore arable land； but evidence of the development of agriculture indicates a need to feed a larger population and so the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos changes。 一些学者声称农民的辛勤劳作导致了人口的进一步增长以及随之而来的对耕地需求的增加，但农业的发展证据表明了养活更多的人口的需求，因此，导致人们迁到印第安人村庄的原因是人口增长的争论发生了改变。
2。 This argument against climax and biome also works in the ecosystems。 关于顶级部落和生物群落之间的争论同样适用于生态系统这一概念。
benefit［'benifit］n。 益处；救济金 v。（使）受益
搭配 benefit from 从…中获益
例句 There is no benefit for a nestling to get more food than to survive。 获得比生存所需更多的食物对雏鸟来说没有什么益处。
同义 profit（v。 受益）
bound［baund］a。 被束缚的；被要求的；［物］结合中的
例句 1。 The worker was bound to the master because of a mutual contract that neither part could deny； and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership。 工人因一份双务合同受到老板的束缚，这是一份不能单方面撕毁的契约，而且这种合伙关系也根植于人们的观念中。
2。 When constituents of the interstellar cloud of gas and dust got trapped inside small and roughly spherical objects and these objects became bound together in a dark gray matrix； Allende meteorites were formed。 当气体和灰尘状态的星际云中的化学成分被困在体积渺小、近乎球形的物体中，且这些物体在暗灰基质中结合的时候，就形成了阿伦德陨星。
3。 Music was closely bound up with religious beliefs。 音乐与宗教信仰密不可分。
同义 obligated； enclosed（a。 被束缚的；被要求的）
capable［'keip？bl］a。 有能力的，能干的；有技能的
搭配 be capable of 能够
例句 1。 It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic； metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing。 它能够忽视或不顾自发的代谢系统，并形成一种不规律的呼吸模式。
2。 It has been said that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding population of bears； there would have been enough food resources to support humans to live on。 据说，如果环境能维持熊的生存繁殖�