《historical lectures and essays(查尔斯金斯利历史讲座)》

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                                    Historical Lectures and Essays 



avenge。      And the two little   armies of foot…soldiersthe Persians had   no 

cavalrydefeat the innumerable horsemen of the Mede; take the old king; 

keep   him   in   honourable   captivity;   and   so   change;   one   legend   says;   in   a 

single battle; the fortunes of the whole East。 

     And   then   begins   that   series   of   conquests   of   which   we   know   hardly 

anything; save the fact that they were made。                The young mountaineer and 

his   playmates;   whom   he   makes   his   generals   and   satraps;   sweep   onward 

towards   the   West;   teaching   their   men   the   art   of   riding;   till   the   Persian 

cavalry bees more famous than the Median had been。 They gather to 

them;   as   a   snowball   gathers   in   rolling;   the   picked   youth   of   every   tribe 

whom   they   overe。           They   knit   these   tribes   to   them   in   loyalty   and 

affection   by   that   righteousnessthat   truthfulness   and   justicefor   which 

Isaiah in his grandest   lyric strains   has   made them  illustrious to   all   time; 

which Xenophon has celebrated in like manner in that exquisite book of 

histhe     〃Cyropaedia。〃        The     great   Lydian     kingdom       of  CroesusAsia 

Minor   as   we   call   it   nowgoes   down   before   them。        Babylon   itself   goes 

down; after that world…famed siege which ended in Belshazzar's feast; and 

when Cyrus diedstill in the prime of life; the legends seem to sayhe left 

a    coherent      and    well…organised        empire;     which      stretched     from     the 

Mediterranean to Hindostan。 

     So runs the tale; which to me; I confess; sounds probable and rational 

enough。       It   may   not   do   so   to   you;   for   it   has   not   to   many   learned   men。 

They are inclined to 〃relegate it into the region of myth;〃 in plain English; 

to call old Herodotus a liar; or at least a dupe。                What means those wise 

men can have at this distance of more than 2000 years; of knowing more 

about the matter than Herodotus; who lived within 100 years of Cyrus; I 

for    myself    cannot    discover。     And    I  say   this  without    the   least   wish   to 

disparage      these    hypercritical     persons。     For    there   areand     more    there 

ought to be; as long as lies and superstitions remain on this eartha class 

of   thinkers   who   hold   in   just   suspicion   all   stories   which   savour   of   the 

sensational; the romantic; even the dramatic。                They know the terrible uses 

to which appeals to the fancy and the emotions have been applied; and are 



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still applied to enslave the intellects; the consciences; the very bodies of 

men and women。            They dread so much from experience the abuse of that 

formula; that 〃a thing is so beautiful it must be true;〃 that they are inclined 

to reply: 〃Rather let us say boldly; it is so beautiful that it cannot be true。 

Let   us   mistrust;   or   even   refuse   to   believe   e   priori;   and   at   first   sight;   all 

startling;   sensational;   even       poetic   tales;   and   accept   nothing     as  history; 

which is not as dull as the ledger of a dry…goods' store。〃                   But I think that 

experience;   both   in   nature   and       in  society;   are   against   that   ditch…water 

philosophy。        The   weather;   being   governed   by  laws;   ought   always   to   be 

equable       and     normal;      and     yet    you     have     whirlwinds;        droughts; 

thunderstorms。         The share…market; being governed by laws; ought to be 

always      equable     and   normal;     and    yet  you    have    startling    transactions; 

startling panics; startling disclosures; and a whole sensational romance of 

mercial crime and folly。             Which of us has lived to be fifty years old; 

without      having     witnessed       in  private     life  sensation      tragedies;     alas! 

sometimes too fearful to be told; or at least sensational romances; which 

we shall take care not to tell; because we shall not be believed?                      Let the 

ditch…water  philosophy  say  what   it   will; human   life  is   not   a  ditch;  but   a 

wild   and   roaring   river;   flooding   its   banks;   and   eating   out   new   channels 

with many a landslip。           It is a strange world; and man; a strange animal; 

guided;   it   is   true;   usually   by   most   mon…place   motives;   but;   for   that 

reason; ready and glad at times to escape from them and their dulness and 

baseness;   to   give   vent;   if   but   for   a   moment;   in   wild   freedom;   to   that 

demoniac   element;   which;   as   Goethe   says;   underlies   his   nature   and   all 

nature; and to prefer for an hour; to the normal and respectable ditch…water; 

a    bottle    of   champagne        or   even     a  carouse      on   fire…water;     let   the 

consequences be what they may。 

     How else shall we explain such a phenomenon as those old crusades? 

Were they undertaken for any purpose; mercial or other? Certainly not 

for   lightening   an   overburdened   population。            Nay;   is   not   the   history   of 

your own Mormons; and their exodus into the far West; one of the most 

startling instances which the world has seen for several centuries; of the 



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unexpected   and   incalculable   forces   which   lie   hid   in   man?        Believe   me; 

man's passions; heated to igniting point; rather than his prudence cooled 

down      to   freezing    point;    are   the  normal      causes    of   all  great   human 

movement。         And   a   truer   law   of   social   science   than   any   that   political 

economists are wont to lay down; is that old DOV' E LA DONNA? of the 

Italian   judge;   who   used   to   ask;   as   a   preliminary   to   every   case;   civil   or 

criminal; which was brought before him; Dov' e la donna?                      〃Where is the 

lady?〃 certain; like a wise old gentleman; that a woman was most probably 

at the bottom of the matter。 

     Strangeness?        Romance?         Did any of you ever readif you have not 

you     should     readArchbishop        Whately's      〃Historic     Doubts      about    the 

Emperor Napoleon the First〃?              Therein the learned and witty Archbishop 

proved; as early as 1819; by fair use of the criticism of Mr。 Hume and the 

Sceptic School; that the whole history of the great Napoleon ought to be 

treated   by   wise   men   as   a   myth   and   a   romance;   that   there   is   little   or   no 

evidence   of   his   having   existed   at   all;   and   that   the   story   of   his   strange 

successes and strange defeats was probably invented by our Government 

in order to pander to the vanity of the English nation。 

     I   will    say   this;   which     Archbishop       Whately;      in   a  late   edition; 

foreshadows;   wittily   enoughthat   if   one   or   two   thousand   years   hence; 

when the history of the late Emperor Napoleon the Third; his rise and fall; 

shall    e     to   be   subjected     to   critical   analysis    by   future    Philistine 

historians of   New  Zealand or Australia;  it   will   be proved by  them  to   be 

utterly mythical; incredible; monstrousand that all the more; the more the 

actual facts remain to puzzle their unimaginative brains。                    What will they 

make two thousand years hence; of the landing at Boulogne with the tame 

eagle?      Will not that; and stranger facts still; but just as true; be relegated 

to   the   region   of   myth;   with   the   dream   of Astyages;   and   the   young   and 

princely herdsman playing at king over his fellow…slaves? 

     But   enough   of   this。     To   me   these   bits   of   romance   often   seem   the 

truest; as well as the most important portions of history。 

     When old Herodotus tells me how; King Astyages having guarded the 



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frontier; Harpagus sent a hunter to young Cyrus with a fresh…killed hare; 

telling   him   to   open   it   in   private;   and   how;   sewn   up   in   it   was   the   letter; 

telling him that the time to rebel was e; I am inclined to say; That must 

be true。     It is so beneath the dignity of history; so quaint and unexpected; 

that it is all the more likely NOT to have been invented。 

     So    with    that  other    storyHow      young     Cy
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