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all; slight and indirect; and; moreover; superfluous altogether; seeing that 

Mary's guilt was open and palpable; before the supposed discovery of the 

letters; to every person at home and abroad who had any knowledge of the 

facts。    As for the alleged inconsistency  of the letters   with proven   facts: 

the   answer   is;   that   whosoever   wrote   the  letters   would   be   more   likely   to 

know facts which were taking place around them than any critic could be 

one hundred or three hundred years afterwards。                 But if these mistakes as 

to   facts   actually   exist   in   them;   they   are   only   a   fresh   argument   for   their 

authenticity。     Mary; writing in agony and confusion; might easily make a 

mistake:       forgers would only take too good care to make none。 

     But the strongest evidence in favour of the letters and sonnets; in spite 

of the arguments of good Dr。 Whittaker and other apologists for Mary; is 

to be found in their tone。        A forger in those coarse days would have made 

Mary     write    in  some    Semiramis      or  Roxana      vein;  utterly   alien   to  the 

tenderness;      the  delicacy;    the  pitiful  confusion     of  mind;    the   conscious 

weakness; the imploring and most feminine trust which makes the letters; 

to those whoas I dobelieve in them;   more pathetic than any fictitious 

sorrows which poets could invent。             More than one touch; indeed; of utter 

self…abasement; in the second letter; is so unexpected; so subtle; and yet so 

true to the heart of woman; thatas has been well saidif it was invented 

there must have existed in Scotland an earlier Shakespeare; who yet has 

died   without   leaving   any   other   sign;   for   good   or   evil;   of   his   dramatic 

genius。 

     As for the theory (totally unsupported) that Buchanan forged the poem 

usually  called   the  〃Sonnets;〃   it   is   paying   old   Geordie's   genius;   however 

versatile it may have been; too high a pliment to believe that he could 



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have     written    both    them    and    the  Detection;      while    it  is  paying    his 

shrewdness too low a pliment to believe that he could have put into 

them;   out   of   mere   carelessness   or   stupidity;   the   well…known   line;   which 

seems   inpatible   with   the   theory   both   of   the   letters   and   of   his   own 

Detection; and which has ere now been brought forward as a fresh proof 

of Mary's innocence。 

     And;   as   with   the   letters;   so   with   the   sonnets:  their   delicacy;   their 

grace;   their   reticence;   are   so   many   arguments   against   their   having   been 

forged   by   any   Scot   of   the   sixteenth   century;   and   least   of   all   by   one   in 

whose characterwhatever his other virtues may have beendelicacy was 

by no means the strongest point。 

     As for the plaint that Buchanan was ungrateful to Mary; it must be 

said:      That    even    if  she;  and   not   Murray;    had   bestowed      on   him   the 

temporalities of Crossraguel Abbey four years before; it was merely fair 

pay for services fairly rendered; and I am not aware that payment; or even 

favours;     however      gracious;     bind   any    man's    soul   and    conscience     in 

questions   of   highest   morality   and   highest   public   importance。         And   the 

importance of that question cannot be exaggerated。                   At a moment when 

Scotland seemed struggling in death… throes of anarchy; civil and religious; 

and was in danger of being a prey either to England or to France; if 

there could not be formed out of the heart of her a people; steadfast; trusty; 

united; strong politically because strong in the fear of God and the desire 

of righteousnessat such a moment as this; a crime had been mitted; 

the like of which had not been heard in Europe since the tragedy of Joan 

of Naples。      All Europe stood aghast。           The honour of the Scottish nation 

was at stake。      More than Mary or Bothwell were known to be implicated 

in   the   deed;   andas   Buchanan   puts   it   in   the   opening   of   his   〃De   Jure 

Regni〃〃The fault   of  some   few  was   charged upon   all;   and   the  mon 

hatred of a particular person did redound to the whole nation; so that even 

such as were remote from any suspicion were inflamed by the infamy of 

men's crimes。〃 {17} 

     To vindicate the national honour; and to punish the guilty; as well as to 



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save themselves from utter anarchy; the great majority of the Scotch nation 

had taken measures against Mary which required explicit justification in 

the sight of Europe; as Buchanan frankly confesses in the opening of his 

〃De     Jure    Regni。〃      The     chief   authors     of  those    measures      had    been 

summoned; perhaps unwisely and unjustly; to answer for their conduct to 

the   Queen   of   England。       Queen   Elizabetha   fact   which   was   notorious 

enough then; though it has been forgotten till the last few yearswas doing 

her utmost to shield Mary。           Buchanan was deputed; it seems; to speak out 

for    the  people     of  Scotland;     and   certainly    never    people    had    an   abler 

apologist。      If he spoke fiercely; savagely; it must be remembered that he 

spoke of a fierce and savage matter; if he usedand it may be abusedall 

the   arts   of   oratory;   it   must   be   remembered   that   he   was   fighting   for   the 

honour; and it may be for the national life; of his country; and strikingas 

men in such cases have a right to strikeas hard as he could。                   If he makes 

no secret of   his indignation;  and even   contempt; it   must be   remembered 

that   indignation   and   contempt   may  well   have   been   real   with   him;   while 

they    were    real   with    the  soundest     part   of   his  countrymen;       with    that 

reforming   middle   class;        paratively   untainted        by   French    profligacy; 

paratively   undebauched   by   feudal   subservience;   which   has   been   the 

leaven   which   has   leavened   the   whole   Scottish   people   in   the   last   three 

centuries   with   the   elements   of   their   greatness。      If;   finally;   he   heaps   up 

against the unhappy Queen charges which Mr。 Burton thinks incredible; it 

must be remembered that; as he well says; these charges give the popular 

feeling   about   Queen   Mary;   and   it   must   be   remembered   also;   that   that 

popular feeling need not have been altogether unfounded。                      Stories which 

are incredible; thank God; in these milder days; were credible enough then; 

because; alas! they were so often true。             Things more ugly than any related 

of    poor    Mary     were    possible     enoughas       no   one    knew     better   than 

Buchananin that very French court in which Mary had been brought up; 

things as ugly were  possible in   Scotland then;  and for  at least   a  century 

later; and while we may hope that Buchanan has overstated his case; we 

must not blame him too severely for yielding to a temptation mon to 



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all men of genius when their creative power is roused to its highest energy 

by a great cause and a great indignation。 

     And that the genius was there; no man can doubt; one cannot read that 

〃hideously eloquent〃   description of   Kirk   o' Field;  which   Mr。  Burton has 

well chosen as a specimen of Buchanan's style; without seeing that we are 

face to face with a genius of a very lofty order: not; indeed; of the loftiest 

for    there   is  always    in  Buchanan's      work;    it  seems    to  me;   a  want    of 

unconsciousness; and a want of tendernessbut still a genius worthy to be 

placed     beside    those   ancient    writers   from    whom     he   took   his   manner。 

Whether       or  not   we   agree    with   his  contemporaries;       who     say  that   he 

equalled Virgil in Latin poetry; we may place him fairly as a prose writer 

by the side of Demosthenes; Cicero; or Tacitus。                 And so I pass from this 

painful subject; only quotingif I may be permitted to quoteMr。 Burton's 

wise   and   gentle   verdict   on   the   whole。    〃Buchanan;〃   he   says;   〃though   a 

zealous Protestant; had a good deal of the Catholic and sceptical spirit of 

Erasmus; and an admiring eye for everything that was great and beautiful。 

Like the rest of his countrymen; he bowed himself in presence of the lustre 

t
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