winter at Hope; and last; but not least; the terrible Freydisa; who; when the
Norse are seized with a sudden panic at the Esquimaux and flee from them;
as they had three weeks before fled from Thorfinn's bellowing bull; turns;
when so weak that she cannot escape; single… handed on the savages; and
catching up a slain man's sword; puts them all to flight with her fierce
visage and fierce criesFreydisa the Terrible; who; in another voyage;
persuades her husband to fall on Helgi and Finnbogi; when asleep; and
murder them and all their men; and then; when he will not murder the five
women too; takes up an axe and slays them all herself; and getting back to
Greenland; when the dark and unexplained tale es out; lives
unpunished; but abhorred henceforth。 All these folks; I say; are no
phantoms; but realities; at least; if I can judge of internal evidence。
But beyond them; and hovering on the verge of Mythus and Fairyland;
there is a ballad called 〃Finn the Fair;〃 and how
An upland Earl had twa braw sons; My story to begin; The tane was
Light Haldane the strong; The tither was winsome Finn。
and so forth; which was still sung; with other 〃rimur;〃 or ballads; in
the Faroes; at the end of the last century。 Professor Rafn has inserted it;
because it talks of Vinland as a well…known place; and because the
brothers are sent by the princess to slay American kings; but that Rime has
another value。 It is of a beauty so perfect; and yet so like the old Scotch
ballads in its heroic conception of love; and in all its forms and its
qualities; that it is one proof more; to any student of early European poetry;
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that we and these old Norsemen are men of the same blood。
If anything more important than is told by Professor Rafn and Mr。
Black {2} be now known to the antiquarians of Massachusetts; let me
entreat them to pardon my ignorance。 But let me record my opinion that;
though somewhat too much may have been made in past years of certain
rock…inscriptions; and so forth; on this side of the Atlantic; there can be no
reasonable doubt that our own race landed and tried to settle on the shore
of New England six hundred years before their kinsmen; and; in many
cases; their actual descendants; the august Pilgrim Fathers of the
seventeenth century。 And so; as I said; a Scandinavian dynasty might
have been seated now upon the throne of Mexico。 And how was that
strange chance lost? First; of course; by the length and danger of the
coasting voyage。 It was one thing to have; like Columbus and Vespucci;
Cortes and Pizarro; the Azores as a halfway port; another to have
Greenland; or even Iceland。 It was one thing to run south…west upon
Columbus's track; across the Mar de Damas; the Ladies' Sea; which hardly
knows a storm; with the blazing blue above; the blazing blue below; in an
ever…warming climate; where every breath is life and joy; another to
struggle against the fogs and icebergs; the rocks and currents of the dreary
North Atlantic。 No wonder; then; that the knowledge of Markland; and
Vinland; and Whiteman's Land died away in a few generations; and
became but fireside sagas for the winter nights。
But there were other causes; more honourable to the dogged energy of
the Norse。 They were in those very years conquering and settling nearer
home as no other peopleunless; perhaps; the old Ionian Greeks
conquered and settled。
Greenland; we have seen; they heldthe western side at leastand held
it long and well enough to afford; it is said; 2;600 pounds of walrus' teeth
as yearly tithe to the Pope; besides Peter's pence; and to build many a
convent; and church; and cathedral; with farms and homesteads round; for
one saga speaks of Greenland as producing wheat of the finest quality。
All is ruined now; perhaps by gradual change of climate。
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But they had richer fields of enterprise than Greenland; Iceland; and
the Faroes。 Their boldest outlaws at that very timewhether from
Norway; Sweden; Denmark; or Britainwere forming the imperial life…
guard of the Byzantine Emperor; as the once famous Varangers of
Constantinople; and that splendid epoch of their race was just dawning; of
which my lamented friend; the late Sir Edmund Head; says so well in his
preface to Viga Glum's Icelandic Saga; 〃The Sagas; of which this tale is
one; were posed for the men who have left their mark in every corner
of Europe; and whose language and laws are at this moment important
elements in the speech and institutions of England; America; and Australia。
There is no page of modern history in which the influence of the
Norsemen and their conquests must not be taken into accountRussia;
Constantinople; Greece; Palestine; Sicily; the coasts of Africa; Southern
Italy; France; the Spanish Peninsula; England; Scotland; Ireland; and every
rock and island round them; have been visited; and most of them at one
time or the other ruled; by the men of Scandinavia。 The motto on the
sword of Roger Guiscard was a proud one:
Appulus et Calaber; Siculus mihi servit et Afer。
Every island; says Sir Edmund Head; and trulyfor the name of
almost every island on the coast of England; Scotland; and Eastern Ireland;
ends in either EY or AY or OE; a Norse appellative; as is the word 〃island〃
itselfis a mark of its having been; at some time or other; visited by the
Vikings of Scandinavia。
Norway; meanwhile; was convulsed by war; and what perhaps was of
more immediate consequence; Svend Fork…beard; whom we Englishmen
call Sweynthe renegade from that Christian Faith which had been forced
on him by his German conqueror; the Emperor Otto II。with his illustrious
son Cnut; whom we call Canute; were just calling together all the most
daring spirits of the Baltic coasts for the subjugation of England; and when
that great feat was performed; the Scandinavian emigration was paralysed;
probably; for a time by the fearful wars at home。 While the king of
Sweden; and St。 Olaf Tryggvason; king of Norway; were setting on
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Denmark during Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome; and Cnut; sailing with a
mighty fleet to Norway; was driving St。 Olaf into Russia; to return and fall
in the fratricidal battle of Stiklesteadduring; strangely enough; a total
eclipse of the sunVinland was like enough to remain still uncolonised。
After Cnut's short…lived triumphking as he was of Denmark; Norway;
England; and half Scotland; and what not of Wendish Folk inside the
Balticthe force of the Norsemen seems to have been exhausted in their
native lands。 Once more only; if I remember right; did 〃Lochlin;〃 really
and hopefully send forth her 〃mailed swarm〃 to conquer a foreign land;
and with a result unexpected alike by them and by their enemies。 Had it
been otherwise; we might not have been here this day。
Let me sketch for you once morethough you have heard it; doubtless;
many a timethe tale of that tremendous fortnight which settled the fate of
Britain; and therefore of North America; which decidedjust in those great
times when the decision was to be made… …whether we should be on a par
with the other civilised nations of Europe; like them the 〃heirs of all the
ages;〃 with our share not only of Roman Christianity and Roman
centralisationa member of the great ity of European nations; held
together in one Christian bond by the Popebut heirs also of Roman
civil
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