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winter at Hope; and last; but not least; the terrible Freydisa; who; when the 

Norse are seized with a sudden panic at the Esquimaux and flee from them; 

as they had three weeks before fled from Thorfinn's bellowing bull; turns; 

when so weak that she cannot escape; single… handed on the savages; and 

catching   up   a   slain   man's   sword;   puts   them   all   to   flight   with   her   fierce 

visage   and   fierce   criesFreydisa   the   Terrible;   who;   in   another   voyage; 

persuades   her   husband   to   fall   on   Helgi   and   Finnbogi;   when   asleep;   and 

murder them and all their men; and then; when he will not murder the five 

women too; takes up an axe and slays them all herself; and getting back to 

Greenland;        when     the   dark    and    unexplained       tale   es     out;    lives 

unpunished;       but   abhorred     henceforth。      All    these   folks;   I  say;   are  no 

phantoms; but realities; at least; if I can judge of internal evidence。 

     But beyond them; and hovering on the verge of Mythus and Fairyland; 

there is a ballad called 〃Finn the Fair;〃 and how 

       An upland Earl had twa braw sons; My story to begin; The tane was 

Light Haldane the strong; The tither was winsome Finn。 

       and so forth; which was still sung; with other 〃rimur;〃 or ballads; in 

the Faroes; at the end of the last century。             Professor Rafn has inserted it; 

because      it  talks  of   Vinland    as   a  well…known       place;   and    because     the 

brothers are sent by the princess to slay American kings; but that Rime has 

another value。        It is of a beauty so perfect; and yet so like the old Scotch 

ballads     in  its  heroic   conception      of  love;   and   in   all  its  forms   and   its 

qualities; that it is one proof more; to any student of early European poetry; 



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that we and these old Norsemen are men of the same blood。 

     If   anything   more   important   than   is   told   by   Professor   Rafn   and   Mr。 

Black   {2}   be   now   known   to   the   antiquarians   of   Massachusetts;   let   me 

entreat them to pardon my ignorance。                But let me record my opinion that; 

though somewhat too much may have been made in past years of certain 

rock…inscriptions; and so forth; on this side of the Atlantic; there can be no 

reasonable doubt that our own race landed and tried to settle on the shore 

of   New   England   six   hundred   years   before   their   kinsmen;   and;   in   many 

cases;     their   actual    descendants;       the   august    Pilgrim     Fathers     of   the 

seventeenth   century。        And   so;   as   I   said;   a   Scandinavian   dynasty   might 

have   been   seated   now   upon   the   throne   of   Mexico。        And   how   was   that 

strange   chance   lost?      First;   of   course;   by   the   length   and   danger   of   the 

coasting voyage。         It was one thing to have; like Columbus and Vespucci; 

Cortes     and    Pizarro;    the   Azores     as  a   halfway     port;   another    to   have 

Greenland;   or   even   Iceland。        It   was   one   thing   to   run   south…west   upon 

Columbus's track; across the Mar de Damas; the Ladies' Sea; which hardly 

knows a storm; with the blazing blue above; the blazing blue below; in an 

ever…warming         climate;    where    every    breath   is  life  and   joy;   another    to 

struggle against the fogs and icebergs; the rocks and currents of the dreary 

North Atlantic。        No wonder; then; that the knowledge of Markland; and 

Vinland;      and   Whiteman's       Land    died   away     in  a  few    generations;     and 

became but fireside sagas for the winter nights。 

     But there were other causes; more honourable to the dogged energy of 

the Norse。       They were in those very years conquering and settling nearer 

home      as   no   other    peopleunless;      perhaps;     the   old   Ionian     Greeks 

conquered and settled。 

     Greenland; we have seen; they heldthe western side at leastand held 

it long and well enough to afford; it is said; 2;600 pounds of walrus' teeth 

as   yearly   tithe   to   the   Pope;   besides   Peter's   pence;   and   to   build   many   a 

convent; and church; and cathedral; with farms and homesteads round; for 

one   saga   speaks   of   Greenland   as   producing   wheat   of   the   finest   quality。 

All is ruined now; perhaps by gradual change of climate。 



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     But they  had   richer fields of   enterprise than   Greenland;   Iceland;   and 

the    Faroes。     Their     boldest    outlaws     at  that   very    timewhether       from 

Norway;   Sweden;   Denmark;   or   Britainwere   forming   the   imperial   life… 

guard     of   the   Byzantine      Emperor;      as  the   once    famous     Varangers      of 

Constantinople; and that splendid epoch of their race was just dawning; of 

which my lamented friend; the late Sir Edmund Head; says so well in his 

preface to Viga Glum's Icelandic Saga; 〃The Sagas; of which this tale is 

one; were posed for the men who have left their mark in every corner 

of   Europe;   and   whose   language   and   laws   are   at   this   moment   important 

elements in the speech and institutions of England; America; and Australia。 

There      is  no   page    of  modern      history    in  which     the   influence    of   the 

Norsemen   and   their   conquests   must   not   be   taken   into   accountRussia; 

Constantinople;   Greece;   Palestine;   Sicily;   the   coasts   of Africa;   Southern 

Italy; France; the Spanish Peninsula; England; Scotland; Ireland; and every 

rock and island round them; have been visited; and most of them at one 

time   or   the   other   ruled;  by  the   men   of   Scandinavia。      The   motto   on   the 

sword of Roger Guiscard was a proud one: 

       Appulus et Calaber; Siculus mihi servit et Afer。 

       Every   island;   says   Sir   Edmund   Head;   and   trulyfor   the   name   of 

almost every island on the coast of England; Scotland; and Eastern Ireland; 

ends in either EY or AY or OE; a Norse appellative; as is the word 〃island〃 

itselfis a mark of its having been; at some time or other; visited by the 

Vikings of Scandinavia。 

     Norway; meanwhile; was convulsed by war; and what perhaps was of 

more   immediate   consequence;   Svend   Fork…beard;   whom  we   Englishmen 

call Sweynthe renegade from that Christian Faith which had been forced 

on him by his German conqueror; the Emperor Otto II。with his illustrious 

son   Cnut;   whom   we   call   Canute;   were   just   calling   together   all   the   most 

daring spirits of the Baltic coasts for the subjugation of England; and when 

that great feat was performed; the Scandinavian emigration was paralysed; 

probably;   for   a   time   by   the   fearful   wars   at   home。    While   the   king   of 

Sweden;       and   St。   Olaf   Tryggvason;       king   of   Norway;     were    setting    on 



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Denmark   during   Cnut's   pilgrimage   to   Rome;   and   Cnut;   sailing   with   a 

mighty fleet to Norway; was driving St。 Olaf into Russia; to return and fall 

in   the   fratricidal   battle   of   Stiklesteadduring;   strangely   enough;   a   total 

eclipse   of  the  sunVinland   was   like   enough   to   remain   still   uncolonised。 

After   Cnut's   short…lived   triumphking   as   he   was   of   Denmark;   Norway; 

England;   and   half   Scotland;   and   what   not   of   Wendish   Folk   inside   the 

Balticthe force of the Norsemen seems to have been exhausted in their 

native lands。       Once more only; if I remember right; did 〃Lochlin;〃 really 

and hopefully  send forth her 〃mailed   swarm〃 to   conquer a  foreign  land; 

and with a result unexpected alike by them and by their enemies。                        Had it 

been otherwise; we might not have been here this day。 

     Let me sketch for you once morethough you have heard it; doubtless; 

many a timethe tale of that tremendous fortnight which settled the fate of 

Britain; and therefore of North America; which decidedjust in those great 

times when the decision was to be made… …whether we should be on a par 

with the other civilised nations of Europe; like them the 〃heirs of all the 

ages;〃     with    our   share    not   only    of   Roman      Christianity     and    Roman 

centralisationa   member   of   the   great   ity   of   European   nations;   held 

together   in   one   Christian   bond   by   the   Popebut   heirs   also   of   Roman 

civil
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